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Here, we review the fundamental issues as well as recent progress in inkjet printing technology and elucidate the most advanced flexible and wearable electronics by inkjet printing. These challenges include, but are not limited to, the prevention of nozzle clogging, restraint of the coffee-ring effect, enhancement of ink dispersibility, reduction of sintering temperature for flexible substrates, promotion of electrical and mechanical properties, and device designing for human body integration. However, there still exist many challenges that make this technology relatively unfavorable at this stage. Moreover, the drop-on-demand concept drastically reduces the consumption of costly ink materials owing to the micro-droplet deposition and programmable patterning. High patterning resolution of sub-100 nm can be realized for more sophisticated electronics over other solution processes, such as dip-coating, spin-coating, drop-casting, and spraying. Inkjet printing has various intrinsic merits, such as high manufacturing throughput, large-scale patterning, good biocompatibility, and accurate deposition on unlimited substrates, which are desired for advanced flexible and wearable electronics fabrication. The operation modes of inkjet printing are (i) drop-on-demand (DoD) printing, which delivers droplets induced by thermal bubbles or a piezoelectric actuator, and (ii) continuous inkjet (CIJ) printing, which generates a continuous ink stream through a nozzle by the electrostatic or magnetic field. In recent years, the dramatic growth of research interest has focused on inkjet printing, which is a mask-free printing technology and realizes non-contact patterning on various substrates by programming the motion of the printing nozzle. Owing to the superiority in low-cost and simple manufacturing, printing techniques such as flexography, rotogravure, screen printing, roll-to-roll printing, and inkjet printing are specially developed for continuous processing of functional material patterning on flexible substrates and devices. Fabrication of flexible and wearable electronics with flexibility/stretchability is facing a variety of obstacles, specifically the layout of electronic components and circuits, stretchable circuit deposition with high electrical conductivity, and flexible integration of functional components and energy supplies, together with the platform in realizing practical manufacturing. Future development of flexible and wearable electronics relies on efficient manufacturing and processing on flexible/stretchable substrates in a strain-accommodating architecture to meet the demands of “real” wearable applications.

However, most of the current wearable devices are made of traditional electronic components and circuits on rigid substrates, which severely limit the device’s functionality and wearing comfort. Preliminary wearable electronic devices such as the iWatch have been playing increasingly significant roles in people’s daily lives.

UNCOLORED BENDY AND THE INK MACHINE COLORING PAGES SKIN

The past few years have witnessed boost in the research of flexible and wearable electronics on skin surfaces or integrated into cloth for versatile functions concerning healthcare monitoring, signal sensing and analyzing, information displaying, and human–machine interaction.

An outlook on future challenges as well as opportunities of inkjet-printed flexible and wearable electronics for research development and industrial commercialization is also presented. Here, the most recently reported inkjet printing strategies, functional ink materials, and diverse inkjet-printed wearable electronic devices for practical applications (e.g., sensors, displays, transistors, and energy storage devices) are summarized. Different ink materials that can realize multiple functions have been fully investigated for achieving favorable printability and desired interactions with the substrates. Over the years, researchers focused on high pattern resolution and uniformity on flexible substrates for advanced electrical/optical performances by various inkjet printing techniques. Inkjet printing, known as a highly efficient solution-based printing and patterning technology with low-cost, high-quality, and high-throughput advantages, suits large-scale fabrication of flexible and wearable electronics. Future development of human-friendly smart electronics relies on efficient manufacturing and processing of advanced functional materials on flexible/stretchable substrates with effective device integration.

UNCOLORED BENDY AND THE INK MACHINE COLORING PAGES PORTABLE

Flexible and wearable electronic devices are emerging as the novel platform for portable health monitoring, human–machine interaction, and some other electronic/optic applications.

Uncolored bendy and the ink machine coloring pages